Pays-Bas

Codage de la parole a bas et tres bas debits

This paper reviews the main algorithms for speech coding at low and very low bit rates, from 50 bps to 4000 bps. Then the HSX technique for coding at 1200 bps and a new segmental method with automatically derived units for very low bit rate coding are presented in details.

When Punishment Pays

Explaining cooperation in groups remains a key problem because reciprocity breaks down between more than two. Punishing individuals who contribute little provides a potential answer but changes the dilemma to why pay the costs of punishing which, like cooperation itself, provides a public good. Nevertheless, people are observed to punish others in behavioural economic games, posing a problem fo...

Forcing de bas niveau

Le langage logique est celui de la logique du second ordre, avec des symboles de fonctions et des variables et constantes de prédicat sur les individus. Les seuls symboles logiques sont →,∀. Définitions. ⊥≡∀X X ; ¬A ≡ A →⊥ ; A∧B ≡¬(A,B →⊥) ; A∨B ≡¬A,¬B →⊥ ; ∃x A ≡¬∀x¬A ; ∃X A ≡¬∀X¬A ; t = u ≡∀X (X t → X u). On écrira A1, A2, . . . , Ak → A pour A1 → (A2 → (. . . (Ak → A) . . .)). On écrira ∃x{A...

Who Pays for Disinflation?

Many economic observers applaud the current rate of inflation in the United States, claiming that the rate is so low that inflation has ceased to matter much in the decisions of individuals and businesses. Some, such as Martin Feldstein (1997), want to see inflation fall still further--to zero--arguing that such a reduction would yield substantial gains by allowing resources to be allocated mor...

Migrants' healthcare: who pays?